Enjoy Smoother Skin. Atypical cells can change back to normal cells if the underlying cause is removed or resolved. The malignant cells are often large with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and a large, often vesicular, nucleus. The oncologist will assign the tumor one of the following squamous cell carcinoma stages after evaluating these factors: Stage 0 Cancer only affects the epidermis (the top layer of skin). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 4, 2019. Wear a hat and cover your skin when working outside. MeSH FOIA Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals. atypical squamous proliferation #106561 11-06-2009 02:16 PM. It can also be: Its a good idea to make an appointment with your doctor or dermatologist right away if you notice any symptoms of cSCC or experience a sore or growth that doesnt heal. The single greatest risk known to date is exposure to UV light from the sun or artificial sources. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM D23.9 became effective on October 1, 2022. Its a good idea to see a doctor right away if you suspect you have any type of skin cancer. It could be a sign of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) infection. Limiting this UV exposure may reduce the risk of getting one of these keratinocyte cancers. Skin cancer types: Squamous cell carcinoma symptoms. By Timothy DiChiara, PhD A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases, with emphasis on "atypical fibroxanthomas". If you dont choose, Wisconsin 10 Largest CitiesNamePopulation1Milwaukee600,1552Madison248,9513Green Bay105,2074Kenosha99,858 What are the five most populous cities in Wisconsin?Milwaukee This city is the countrys 31st largest and the Midwests, Because their bodies are very close to humans, marmosets are frequently used for research on human aging and disease. When these cells become cancerous, they typically develop into rounded skin tumors that can be flat or raised. The first two skin cancers are grouped together as non-melanoma skin cancers . Arsenic is known to perturb epidermal homeostasis and induce abnormal keratinocyte proliferation, leading to skin carcinogenesis. Atrophy is a term used to describe a shrinkage of prostate tissue (when it is seen under the microscope). Copyright 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abstract Background Dermatosis is a general term for diseases of the skin and skin appendages including scleroderma, psoriasis, bullous disease, atopic dermatitis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous ce. Larger squamous cell cancers are harder to treat, and fast-growing cancers have a higher risk of coming back. Basal and squamous cell skin cancer risk factors. Variable keratinisation ( keratin pearls etc) is present (figure 2). It develops in squamous cells, which are the thin, flat cells that make up the outermost layer of your skin. Skin Discoloration: Causes and Treatments, Pictures of Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers, Genetic and environmental factors underlying keratinocyte carcinoma risk, Keratinocyte carcinomas: current concepts and future research priorities, Skin cancer types: basal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms, Patterns and timing of sunlight exposure and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin a casecontrol study, Tanning bed use and melanoma: Establishing risk and improving prevention interventions, A case-control study of skin cancer and exposure of toxic heavy metals, Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is most common, but it can spread to other parts of the body. Skin cancer begins in the cells that make up the outer layer (epidermis) of your skin. Diagnosis confirmation What are the six major characteristics of a pure market economy. Squamous cell skin cancer. Signs and symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include: A firm, red nodule Curettage and electrodesiccation: This approach is sometimes useful in treating small (less than 1 cm across), thin squamous cell cancers, but its not recommended for larger tumors. Squamous cell carcinomas usually look like an abnormal wart, rash or wound on the skin that does not heal. This content does not have an Arabic version. . National Library of Medicine This can happen spontaneously. Histologically, Bowen disease presents as intraepithelial atypia, with marked variation in cell and nuclear size . journals.lww.com/dermatologicsurgery/Fulltext/2015/04000/Family_History_of_Skin_Cancer_Is_Associated_With.7.aspx, cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html, cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/skin, cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq, cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq, skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/, aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/scc/symptoms, aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common, mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth, cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/about/what-is-basal-and-squamous-cell.html, Prognosis and Outlook for Stage 4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma Types: Squamous Cell, Basal Cell, Transitional Cell, and More, Survival Rates for Different Types of Skin Cancer, What You Need to Know About Skin Cancer on the Scalp, Everything You Need to Know About Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Mohs Surgery for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Before and After Treatment. Be sure to tell your healthcare provider if you have a personal history or family history of skin cancer. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Research. And sometimes, your doctor may need to obtain a sample of tissue such as a biopsy to make sure you don't have cancer or another serious condition. Electrodessication and Curettage Low-risk tumors benefit from this very common treatment for squamous cell carcinoma. The removed lymph nodes are looked at under a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Available Sun Protection Products at Mayo Clinic Store, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. Accessed May 21, 2019. They make keratin, a protein that provides strength to skin, hair, and nails. We couldnt do what we do without our volunteers and donors. Atypical cells don't necessarily mean you have cancer. 4 The . Timothy J. DiChiara, PhD, is a former research scientist and published writer specializing in oncology. Christensen SR, Wilson LD, Leffell DJ. Alam M, et al. (2021). They include a spectrum from benign lesions through to those that demonstrate local invasion and/or distant metastatic potential. Below are some of the resources we provide. Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin result from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. Martins RG. Careers. Plymouth Meeting, Pa.: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Show . For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy. Head Neck. Is moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma also curable? Identifying & Treating Skin Cancer on the Face, Skin Cancer Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know, Are Gel Manicures Safe? privacy practices. Member. Here you'll find in-depth information on specific cancer types including risk factors, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment options. Wear sunscreen that has an SPF of at least 30 whenever you go out in the sun. The outer, protective layer of the skin is known as the epidermis. Cryotherapy (cryosurgery) is used for some early squamous cell cancers, especially in people who cant have surgery, but is not recommended for larger invasive tumors or those on certain parts of the nose, ears, eyelids, scalp, or legs. 2012 Sep;12(1):417. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-417, Le Clair MZ, Cockburn MG. Tanning bed use and melanoma: Establishing risk and improving prevention interventions. They grow slowly and are usually found on sun-exposed parts of the body, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and hands backs. If you have blond or red hair and light-colored eyes and you freckle or sunburn easily, you're much more likely to develop skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, than is a person with darker skin. (2015). To protect yourself: Wear protective clothing. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Is atypical squamous proliferation malignant? information highlighted below and resubmit the form. What does it take to outsmart cancer? They may include exposure to toxic substances, or having another medical condition that weakens your immune system. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The process of creating new skin cells is controlled by a basal cell's DNA. See pictures and learn about causes, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Marmosets can be kept as pets, What are the six main characteristics of a pure market economy? Premalignant and malignant nonmelanoma skin tumors. cSCC can return, and its important to monitor your skin for any precancerous or cancerous areas at least once per month. This can happen spontaneously. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A mutation in the DNA may cause a basal cell to multiply fast and continue growing when it would normally die. AskMayoExpert. Mohs Surgery for Squamous Cell Skin Cancer For squamous cell carcinomas, Mohs surgery has the highest cure rate of all treatments. (2021). Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath? This can make cosmetics applications easier, save you money on other products, and provide a more youthful appearance. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Bowen disease is an intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. The only way to know for sure whether you have skin cancer and what type it is is through a biopsy. Learn how to tell if you have it and how you can reduce your risk. In this study we investigated the number of blood vessels and vascular proliferation in subepithelial areas of 80 cervical condylomas and cervical intraepithelial . 2019. Help us end cancer as we know it,for everyone. Squamous cell carcinoma can spread to the sinuses, skull base, and other parts of the brain. For squamous cell carcinomas, Mohs surgery has the highest cure rate of all treatments. The abnormal cells in the tissue that line the outer part of the cervix have been discovered. ATYPICAL SQUAMOUS PROLIFERATION - abnormal growth of squamous cells which could be cause by Squamous Cell Carcinoma or warts - can become Squamous Cell skin cancer. Atypical Melanocytic lesions are irregular moles and skin spots that require further examination. People with weakened immune systems due to certain medical conditions, such as HIV, AIDS, or leukemia, have a greater risk of developing more serious forms of cSCC. In other cases, your doctor may recommend a particular treatment to try to reverse the process that's causing the atypical cells. Would you like email updates of new search results? . Also called atypical melanocytic proliferation or benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia Case reports. Nonmelanoma skin cancers form in the outer layers of your skin. All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life-threatening, though it can be aggressive. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer,with basal cell carcinoma being the most com-mon. This is based on a consult with a dermamtopathologist. . If you've noticed skin changes, or symptoms like sores that won't heal, it may be time to find out why. Jill Biden and Skin Cancer: What to Know About Risks, Screenings, and Surgery, Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Nose: Types, Identification, and Treatment, keratinocytes (skin cells, also called squamous cells), an open sore that can have raised borders, new growth on an old scar, birthmark, or mole, having light-colored hair and blue, green, or gray eyes, having long-term exposure to UV radiation, living in sunny regions or at a high altitude, having a history of multiple severe sunburns, especially if they occurred early in life, having a history of being exposed to chemicals, such as arsenic. All of the tumors showed a distinct exophytic papillary configuration with prominent fibrovascular cores lined by an atypical squamous proliferation composed of smaller cells at the base with indistinct cell membranes . You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library. What terminal is Frontier Airlines at LGA? Here are some examples of what squamous cell carcinoma can look like: Your skin has multiple layers. However,some argue that an actinic keratosis should be consid-ered as an SCC that is superficial.1 If so, then SCC could be consid-ered the most common type of skin cancer. Click here for an email preview. If cSCC isnt treated in its early stages, the cancer may spread to other areas of the body, including the lymph nodes and organs. If we combine this information with your protected Treatment options for squamous cell skin cancer depend on the risk of the cancer coming back, which is based on factors like the size and location of the tumor and how the cancer cells look under a microscope, as well as if a person has a weakened immune system. Accessed at www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/squamous.pdf on June 4, 2019. In rare cases, squamous cell cancers can spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrightedmaterial. Squamous epithelial cells are a type of flat cell found throughout the body, including in the mouth, on the lips, and on the cervix. Bookshelf Keratinocyte carcinomas: current concepts and future research priorities. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. But it can occur anywhere on your body, including inside your mouth, the bottoms of your feet and on your genitals. Squamous cells, which resemble fish scales, are thin, flat cells found in the tissue that makes up the skins surface, the lining of the bodys hollow organs, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2019. Seborrheic keratosis and actinic keratosis both cause skin growths, but actinic keratosis may become cancerous. CCN1 regulates the proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes whereas CCN2 regulates tumor . Atypical cells don't necessarily mean you have cancer. cSCC is caused by mutations that occur in squamous cell DNA. Submitting a report will send us an email through our customer support system. Atypical squamous proliferation: what lies beneath? All rights reserved. MeSH terms Aged . Accessed at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-low-risk-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma on June 4, 2019. What are the top 10 largest cities in Wisconsin? Owing to insufficient superficial tissue sampling, mostly shave biopsies, squamous proliferations can be difficult to classify histologically as unequivocally . Shang I Brian Jiang. Additional Info These cancers usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms, but skin cancer can occur anywhere . Squamous cell cancer (SCC), also known as squamous cell carcinoma, is a type of cancer. Version 2.2019. Find any of these words, separated by spaces, Exclude each of these words, separated by spaces, Search for these terms only in the title of an article, Most effective as: LastName, First Name or Lastname, FN, Search for articles published in journals where these words are in the journal name, /lp/wiley/atypical-squamous-proliferation-what-lies-beneath-YyR97Kh0xd, Clinical significance of cytologic atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, The value of preoperative biopsysite photography for identifying cutaneous lesions, Gene expression patterns of normal human skin, actinic keratosis, and squamous cell carcinoma, Cutaneous collision tumors. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day, which is between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. These changes cause abnormal cells to multiply out of control. The atypical skin lesions are a diverse group of tumors that are uncommon but clinically important. Disclaimer. Atypical melanocytic lesions are pigmented moles that have been found to have abnormal cells and are assumed to be at risk for developing into a malignant melanoma. Factors that may increase your risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include: Fair skin. Squamous (flat, scaly) cells, the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis, undergo malignant transformation and proliferation. All of the tumors showed a distinct exophytic papillary configuration with prominent fibrovascular cores lined by an atypical squamous proliferation composed of smaller cells at the base with indistinct cell membranes . This might cause you to worry that this means cancer, but atypical cells aren't necessarily cancerous. The skin sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing. [1] This content does not have an English version. When atrophy only affects certain areas of the prostate, it is called focal atrophy. If you dont receive our email within 5 minutes, check your SPAM folder, then contact us Cover your skin with dark, tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs, and a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or visor. Become a volunteer, make a tax-deductible donation, or participate in a fundraising event to help us save lives. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life . Whether you or someone you love has cancer, knowing what to expect can help you cope. However, it's still important to make sure there's no cancer present or that a cancer isn't just starting to develop. These cells are responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Treatments may include: Some doctors may also use laser surgery and topical medications to treat cSCC. other information we have about you. Don't forget sunglasses. What Does Basal Cell Carcinoma Look Like? Individuals with immunocompromised states have more aggressive tumors. Skin cancer caused by melanoma begins in these cells. They can also be found in the skins middle layers. sheldon.sebastian@gmail.com; PMID: 21342317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01895.x No abstract available. 3 Following tumor resection, the wound is closed via primary intention or grafting. . Lung SCC makes up about 30 percent of a group of lung cancers called non-small cell lung cancer and about 25 percent of lung cancers overall. The two most common types are basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. P63 and its isoforms are essential to regulate epidermal homeostasis. Your in-depth coping with cancer guide will be in your inbox shortly. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. But BCC may also appear as: BCC occurs when one of the basal cells of the epidermis develops a mutation, or change, in its DNA. You can unsubscribe at any The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In: Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 8600 Rockville Pike Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from epidermal or appendageal keratinocytes or from the squamous mucosal epithelium. The most common abnormal finding in a Pap test is atypical squamous cells with undetermined significance. A Diagnostic Challenge: Changes in Histopathologic Tumor Diagnosis of Atypical Squamous Proliferations After Surgical Removal. This content does not have an Arabic version. The process of creating new skin cells is controlled by a basal cell's DNA. A dysplastic nevus or atypical mole is a nevus (mole) whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Sun-exposed areas such as the lips and ears are especially likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. 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In recent years, research on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in the treatment of OSCC has also been conducted.Purpose: Studies indicate that nonspecific immune mechanisms involved in the course of the anticancer response also need to be taken into account. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved these methods for treating cSCC: Once cSCC has been treated, its critical to attend all follow-up visits with your doctor. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Squamous Cell Skin Cancer. What are basal and squamous cell skin cancers? 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. But sun exposure doesn't explain skin cancers that develop on skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. Its also important to follow recommended screening guidelines, which can help detect certain cancers early. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with These abnormal cell collections are benign (not cancer), but are high-risk for cancer. Atypical fibroxanthoma is a type of skin cancer and is known for its dermal spindle-cell tumors. Cancer.org is provided courtesy of the Leo and Gloria Rosen family. Both are of the keratinocyte type. Check all that apply - Please note that only the first page is available if you have not selected a reading option after clicking "Read Article". Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Right lateral lower leg, proximal superior: "Atypical squamous proliferation, consistent with early evolving or regressing well-differentiated, invasive squamous . These cancers are treatable and have a better outlook than melanomas. .st3 { Semin Diagn Pathol 1993 May;10 (2):148-58. atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (asc-h) atrophic pattern; predominantly parabasal cells? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Skin cancer types: basal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms. Accessed Oct. 1, 2020. Cameron MC, Lee E, Hibler BP, et al. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Spindle-cell and pleomorphic neoplasms of the skin. cSCC develops due to changes in the DNA of squamous cells, which causes them to multiply uncontrollably. These are called the ABCDE's of melanoma. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.134783, Nagarajan P, Asgari MM, Green AC, et al. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Another type of skin cancer, melanoma, is more dangerous but less common. Systemic treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Reset filters. Aasi SZ, Hong AM. As new cells move upward, they become flattened squamous cells, where a skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma can occur. Owing to insufficient superficial tissue sampling, mostly shave biopsies, squamous proliferations can be difficult to classify histologically as unequivocally benign or malignant. Typical SCC has nests of squamous epithelial cells arising from the epidermis and extending into the dermis (figure 1). 5: 1- 2. Basal cell carcinoma is the far more common of this skin cancer type. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with signet ring cell morphology is very rare. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Skin cancer has a high cure rate, but only if caught early. Search Joined: Nov 2009. Background: The current standards of treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, when certain genetic changes occur in the DNA of any of these cells, skin cancer can occur. enable-background: new; other information we have about you. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team. You can help reduce your risk of cancer by making healthy choices like eating right, staying active and not smoking. At the American Cancer Society, we have a vision to end cancer as we know it, for everyone. It's thought that early exposure to UV light, in childhood and youth, contributes to the development of BCC and cSCC. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Check your skin regularly and report changes to your doctor. Systemic chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy: Chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs (EGFR inhibitors) might be other options for patients with squamous cell cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. All rights reserved. Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. : Saunders Elsevier; 2016. https://www.clinicalkey.com. In rare cases, squamous cell cancers can spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body. Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (essentially synonymous with Bowen's disease) often presents as an erythematous, well-demarcated, scaly patch or plaque, with a fairly irregular border. Read our. https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/understanding-cervical-changes. Atypical moles carry some of the same mutations found in melanomas, but significantly fewer. Here's how to tell them apart. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin refers to cancer that forms in the squamous cells found in the skin. Chemotherapy side effects: A cause of heart disease? (n.d.). AKs are defined at the histologic level by dysplasia and consist of keratinocytes manifesting atypical nuclei that are enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic. As a result, these specimens are often signed out as atypical squamous proliferations (ASPs). They may become irritated and bleeding. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Her treatment is a reminder of the importance of regular skin, Basal cell carcinoma is the most common and treatable type of skin cancer. Even normal aging can make cells appear abnormal. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. But sun exposure doesn't explain skin cancers that develop on skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. Sometimes, radiation therapy might be recommended after surgery. They develop as the result of excess UV damage on sun-exposed surfaces of the body, including the face, neck, dorsal hands, and forearms, upper chest, back, and scalp [ 7, 9, 11, 12 ]. - - - atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) R85.611 - - - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) R85.610 - - - cytologic evidence of malignancy R85.614 - - - high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) R85.613 - - - human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test Article. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Squamous cells can be found in a variety of locations throughout the body. These patients were treated at Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital or Ren Ji Hospital between 2011 and 2015. Examine both the front and back of your legs and your feet, including the soles and the spaces between your toes. These occur on the head and neck generally on older people who have had a lot of sun damage. include protected health information. An atypical mole, also sometimes called a dysplastic nevus, is a benign but unusual-looking mole that can look a lot like a melanoma . SCC presents as an irregular keratinous nodule or a firm erythematous plaque, and frequently ulcerates. Such cells can be found during pregnancy, early menopause, and in women or men who are receiving hormonal therapy (androgen deprivation for prostate cancer) at a young age.

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